Different Component Parts of an Arch

The Arch is the mechanical arrangement of the wedge-shaped blocks of bricks or stones which helps to support each other as well as supported at the end by abutments or piers. The Arch helps to carry the weight of the construction structure above the opening. This architectural element along with the curved structure helps to add aesthetic appeal and structural strength to the diverse design in modern architecture.

Different components of Arch used in construction

There are different components of the Arch which has been used in the construction, which are as follows:

Intrados

The inner curve of the Arch is known as intrados.

Extrados

This part of the arch is the outer curve.

Voussoirs

These are the wedge-shaped units of masonry which help to form an arch.

Soffit

The soffit is the inner surface of the Arch. In an Arch, the intrados and soffit have been used synonymously.

Crown

The Crown is the highest part of the extrados in an Arch.

Spandrel

In the case of constructing two arches side by side, a curved triangular shape has been created between the extrados along the base which is known as the spandrel.

Keystone

This is the wedge-shaped unit of an arch which has been fixed at the crown.

Skew Back

The Skew Back is the inclined surface on the abutment from which the arch curve has been started or ended.

Springing Points

These imaginary points are responsible for the springing of the arch curve.

Springing Line

This imaginary line helps to join the springing points of either end.

Springer

This is the first voussoir at springing level which is adjacent to the Skew Back.

Haunch

This is the lower half of the arch between the crown and the Skew Back.

Arcade

The row of arches in the continuation is known as the arcade.

Impost

This is the projecting course of the Arch which has been provided on the upper part of the abutment or piers to stress the springing line of the arch.

Ring

The arch ring is a circular course which can be formed by one ring or a combination of rings.

Bed Joints

The joint among the voussoirs is known as the bed joint which radiates from the center of the Arch.

Center

This is the geometrical point of an arch on which the intrados of an arch, extrados or an arch and the arch ring have been formed.

Rise

The rise of an arch refers to the vertical distance between the highest point of the intrados and the springing line.

Span

The horizontal distance among the support or piers or abutments is known as the span of the arch.

Thickness

The thickness of the arch refers to the breadth of the soffit which has been measured perpendicular to the front and back faces of the arch.

Depth or Height

The perpendicular distance between the intrados and extrados of the arch is known as the depth or height of the arch.

Pier and Abutment

Pier is the immediate support of an arch whereas, the abutment is the end support of the arch.

Different types of Arch used in the construction process

Different types of arches have been used in the construction site which helps to add aesthetics and structural integrity to the construction structure. These different types of arches are as follows:

Round Arch

These types of arches have been used in the old aqueducts and bridges. These types of arches are a testament to their timeless appeal and durability. This is the most recognised type of arches in the architectural industry due to its semicircular shape which is also known as the Roman arch.

Segmental Arch

These types of arches are similar to the round arch but also have a shallower curve. These types of versatile arches have been seen in small buildings or bridges. There are fewer vertical spaces required for the segmental arch which makes it suitable for houses or other types of compact areas.

Pointed Arch

The pointed arch helps to add visually stunning elements to the castles and cathedrals as well as helps to allow the builders to construct more organized windows and higher walls. These types of arches help to distribute the weight evenly of the construction structure.

Horseshoe Arch

This type of arch is prominent in Islamic architecture which extends beyond a semicircle. These types of arches help to add decorative and cultural characteristics to the buildings and mosques thus providing aesthetic appeals. The horseshoe arch has been also used in windows and doorways.

Relieving Arch

These types of arches have been used to reduce the weight on a lower arch. This arch helps to distribute the load to the adjacent walls for managing the structural stress in the historical and ancient buildings.

To learn more, watch the following video tutorial.

Video Source: Civil Machines

Ogee Arch

This type of arch features a double-curved shape in which each side is a mirror image and helps to form a S-shape. The ogee arch has been designed to bear loads as well as provide a beautiful appearance.

Triangular Arch

The triangular arch is one of the oldest forms. The simplistic, geometric form of these types of arches helps to add a distinct visual appeal as well as helps to provide robust support thus making it relevant in modern and ancient architectural designs. Because of the clean lines and straightforward construction process, the triangular arch has been incorporated into contemporary architecture.

Different applications of Arch

The Arch has been applied in different construction structures which include:

Bridges

In bridges, the Arch helps to distribute the load evenly.

Windows and Doorways

In the windows and doorways, the arch has been used to add elegance and offer load-bearing capacity.

Domes and Vaults

In domes and vaults, multiple arches have been aligned in different planes which helps to create a roofing structure.